Determinants of Internet Addiction in Private University Students
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Abstract
Digital transformation has increased the intensity of internet use among students, which on one hand supports academic activities, but on the other hand has the potential to lead to internet addiction. This study aims to analyse the influence of resilience on loneliness and life satisfaction, as well as the influence of resilience, loneliness, and life satisfaction on internet addiction in private university students. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method applied to 280 undergraduate students from the 2021 intake at Bung Hatta University. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed with Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4.0. The research results indicate that resilience significantly influences loneliness and life satisfaction. Loneliness and life satisfaction also significantly influence internet addiction, with loneliness being the most dominant factor. Additionally, resilience has been proven to significantly influence internet addiction. This finding indicates that internet addiction in college students is influenced by the interconnected dynamics of psychological factors. Therefore, efforts to prevent internet addiction in college settings need to focus on strengthening psychological resilience, increasing life satisfaction, and reducing loneliness through adequate social support.
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How to Cite
Akmal, A. (2026). Determinants of Internet Addiction in Private University Students. ProBisnis : Jurnal Manajemen, 17(1), 672–679. Retrieved from https://ejournal.joninstitute.org/index.php/ProBisnis/article/view/1447
References
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Almulla, M. O., Alismail, A. M., Mahama, I., & Almulla, A. A. (2025). Resilience as a predictor of internet addictive behaviours: a study among Ghanaian and Saudi samples using structural equation modelling approach. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02383
Bağatarhan, T. (2025). Investigating the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy, happiness, social support, and Internet addiction in adolescents. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07931-8
Beck, J. S. (2021). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Brasero-Rodríguez, E., Rueda-Extremera, M., & Cantero-García, M. (2024). Analysis of the relationships between quality of life, resilience, and life satisfaction variables in retired individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longevity, 4(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030018
Chadha, S. (2020). Relationship between resilience, life satisfaction and psychological well-being among university students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.25215/0802.025
Chern, K. C., & Huang, J. H. (2018). Internet addiction: Associated with lower health-related quality of life among college students in Taiwan, and in what aspects? Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.011
Daly, L. M. (2020). Resilience: An Integrated Review. Nursing Science Quarterly, 33(4), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318420943141
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). The three-factor model of Internet addiction: The development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.2.563
Durrotunnisa, F., Setiawan, A., & Nugraha, D. (2022). The role of life satisfaction and social support in predicting internet addiction among adolescents. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 2(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijert.v2i3.51406
Dwiyanti, F., Lestari, H., & Tina, L. (2019). Hubungan antara Kesepian, Kontrol Diri dan Kemudahan Akses Internet dengan Tingkat Kecanduan Internet pada Siswa Kelas XII Ipa di SMAN 4 Kendari dan SMAN 7 Kendari Tahun 2018. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat, 4(1), 1–8.
Faramarzi, M., Karim, B., Gholami, Z., Khoshkhou, F., Shirazi, F., Soghli, N., Parvaneh, M., Shirafkan, H., & Khorshidian, F. (2024). Exploring internet addiction during Covid-19 pandemic: a comparative study considering psychological, social, familial and individual aspects in University students. Health Science Reports, 7(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70118
Ferdinand, A. (2014). Metode penelitian manajemen: Pedoman penulisan skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi ilmu manajemen (cet. ke-5). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Ghozali, I. (2020). Aplikasi Multivariate dengan Program SmartPLS (10th. ed.). Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial Least Squares Konsep, Teknik dan Aplikasi Menggunakan Program SmartPLS 3.0. Ed. Ke-2. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Jakobsen, I. S., Madsen, L. M. R., Mau, M., Hjemdal, O., & Friborg, O. (2020). The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3
Kim, H. K., & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.11.001
Kemp, S. (2024). Digital 2024: Global overview report. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report
Labrague, L. J., De los Santos, J. A. A., & Falguera, C. C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1578–1584. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12721
Li, R., Fu, W., Liang, Y., Huang, S., Xu, M., & Tu, R. (2024). Exploring the relationship between resilience and internet addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating roles of life satisfaction and loneliness. Acta Psychologica, 248(December 2023), 104405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104405
Marchini, S., Zaurino, E., Bouziotis, J., Brondino, N., Delvenne, V., & Delhaye, M. (2021). Study of resilience and loneliness in youth (18–25 years old) during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(2), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22473
Müller, F., & Mielke, R. (2023). Associations of resilience and life satisfaction with internet use of adolescents in Germany: Findings from a population-based survey. Journal of Adolescence, 97, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2022.12.004
Khalid, N. (2021). Resilience, Perceived Social Support, and Life Satisfaction Among Malaysian College Students. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp21-40
Mohammed, A. R., Prof, A., & City, S. (2023). Lonileness, Internet Addiction, and Mental Health Among Adolescents: A Mediation Model. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 12(3), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.52963/perr_biruni_v12.n3.01
Mousoulidou, M., Christodoulou, A., Averkiou, E., & Pavlou, I. (2024). Internet and Social Media Addictions in the Post-Pandemic Era: Consequences for Mental Well-Being and Self-Esteem. Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120699
Ning, J., Yin, S., & Tang, R. (2024). The Impact of the Risk Perception of COVID-19 PANDEMIC on College Students’ Occupational Anxiety: The Moderating Effect of Career Adaptability. International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, 13(01), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2024.13.05
Ostovar, S., Allahyar, N., Aminpoor, H., Moafian, F., Nor, M. B. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Internet Addiction and its Psychosocial Risks (Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Loneliness) among Iranian Adolescents and Young Adults: A Structural Equation Model in a Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9628-0
Öztürk, A., & Kundakçı, N. (2021). Loneliness, Perceived Social Support, and Psychological Resilience as Predictors of Internet Addiction: A Cross-Sectional Study with a Sample of Turkish Undergraduates. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(4), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.5152/pcp.2021.21115
Qamar, T., Chethiyar, S. D. M., & Equatora, M. A. (2021). Psychological stressors and life satisfaction among university students during the second wave of COVID-19: Moderating role of resilience. Journal of Advanced Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.21580/jagc.2021.2.2.9321
Rizki, M. F., & Andayani, H. (2023). Hubungan antara Kesepian dan Internet Addiction selama Masa Pandemi COVID-19 pada Siswa/i Kelas XI SMA Negeri 99 Jakarta. Junior Medical Journal, 1(5), 512–520.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Sayili, U. (2022). The effect of psychological resilience on life satisfaction: The mediator role of hope. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 8(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1061960
Scafuto, F., Ciacchini, R., Orrù, G., Crescentini, C., Conversano, C., Mastorci, F., Porricelli, M., & Gemignani, A. (2023). Covid-19 Pandemic and Internet Addiction in Young Adults: a Pilot Study on Positive and Negative Psychosocial Correlates. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 20(4), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230403
Shukla, M. (2021). Spiritual intelligence, resilience and life satisfaction in young adults: A descriptive study. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 1750–1756. https://doi.org/10.25215/0903.167
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (edisi ke-2). Alfabeta.
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021). Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 93(January), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006
Wang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024). Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18366-4
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Pinyopornpanish, M., Simcharoen, S., & Kuntawong, P. (2021). Loneliness and problematic internet use: testing the role of interpersonal problems and motivation for internet use. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03457-y
Yam, F. C., Yıldırım, O., & Köksal, B. (2024). The mediating and buffering effect of resilience on the relationship between loneliness and social media addiction among adolescent. Current Psychology, 43(28), 24080–24090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06148-5
Young, K. S., & de Abreu, C. N. (Eds.). (2017). Kecanduan internet: Panduan konseling dan petunjuk untuk evaluasi dan penanganan (Helly P. Soetjipto & Sri M. Soetjipto, Penerjemah). Pustaka Pelajar.
Zelfina, T., & Nurmina. (2023). Hubungan Antara Loneliness Dengan Internet Addiction Pada Remaja Pengguna Media Sosial. CAUSALITA : Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.62260/causalita.v1i2.70
Almulla, M. O., Alismail, A. M., Mahama, I., & Almulla, A. A. (2025). Resilience as a predictor of internet addictive behaviours: a study among Ghanaian and Saudi samples using structural equation modelling approach. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02383
Bağatarhan, T. (2025). Investigating the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy, happiness, social support, and Internet addiction in adolescents. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07931-8
Beck, J. S. (2021). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Brasero-Rodríguez, E., Rueda-Extremera, M., & Cantero-García, M. (2024). Analysis of the relationships between quality of life, resilience, and life satisfaction variables in retired individuals. Journal of Ageing and Longevity, 4(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4030018
Chadha, S. (2020). Relationship between resilience, life satisfaction and psychological well-being among university students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.25215/0802.025
Chern, K. C., & Huang, J. H. (2018). Internet addiction: Associated with lower health-related quality of life among college students in Taiwan, and in what aspects? Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.011
Daly, L. M. (2020). Resilience: An Integrated Review. Nursing Science Quarterly, 33(4), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318420943141
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). The three-factor model of Internet addiction: The development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 40(2), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.2.563
Durrotunnisa, F., Setiawan, A., & Nugraha, D. (2022). The role of life satisfaction and social support in predicting internet addiction among adolescents. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 2(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijert.v2i3.51406
Dwiyanti, F., Lestari, H., & Tina, L. (2019). Hubungan antara Kesepian, Kontrol Diri dan Kemudahan Akses Internet dengan Tingkat Kecanduan Internet pada Siswa Kelas XII Ipa di SMAN 4 Kendari dan SMAN 7 Kendari Tahun 2018. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat, 4(1), 1–8.
Faramarzi, M., Karim, B., Gholami, Z., Khoshkhou, F., Shirazi, F., Soghli, N., Parvaneh, M., Shirafkan, H., & Khorshidian, F. (2024). Exploring internet addiction during Covid-19 pandemic: a comparative study considering psychological, social, familial and individual aspects in University students. Health Science Reports, 7(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70118
Ferdinand, A. (2014). Metode penelitian manajemen: Pedoman penulisan skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi ilmu manajemen (cet. ke-5). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Ghozali, I. (2020). Aplikasi Multivariate dengan Program SmartPLS (10th. ed.). Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial Least Squares Konsep, Teknik dan Aplikasi Menggunakan Program SmartPLS 3.0. Ed. Ke-2. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Jakobsen, I. S., Madsen, L. M. R., Mau, M., Hjemdal, O., & Friborg, O. (2020). The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3
Kim, H. K., & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.11.001
Kemp, S. (2024). Digital 2024: Global overview report. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report
Labrague, L. J., De los Santos, J. A. A., & Falguera, C. C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1578–1584. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12721
Li, R., Fu, W., Liang, Y., Huang, S., Xu, M., & Tu, R. (2024). Exploring the relationship between resilience and internet addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating roles of life satisfaction and loneliness. Acta Psychologica, 248(December 2023), 104405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104405
Marchini, S., Zaurino, E., Bouziotis, J., Brondino, N., Delvenne, V., & Delhaye, M. (2021). Study of resilience and loneliness in youth (18–25 years old) during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(2), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22473
Müller, F., & Mielke, R. (2023). Associations of resilience and life satisfaction with internet use of adolescents in Germany: Findings from a population-based survey. Journal of Adolescence, 97, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2022.12.004
Khalid, N. (2021). Resilience, Perceived Social Support, and Life Satisfaction Among Malaysian College Students. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp21-40
Mohammed, A. R., Prof, A., & City, S. (2023). Lonileness, Internet Addiction, and Mental Health Among Adolescents: A Mediation Model. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 12(3), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.52963/perr_biruni_v12.n3.01
Mousoulidou, M., Christodoulou, A., Averkiou, E., & Pavlou, I. (2024). Internet and Social Media Addictions in the Post-Pandemic Era: Consequences for Mental Well-Being and Self-Esteem. Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120699
Ning, J., Yin, S., & Tang, R. (2024). The Impact of the Risk Perception of COVID-19 PANDEMIC on College Students’ Occupational Anxiety: The Moderating Effect of Career Adaptability. International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, 13(01), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2024.13.05
Ostovar, S., Allahyar, N., Aminpoor, H., Moafian, F., Nor, M. B. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Internet Addiction and its Psychosocial Risks (Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Loneliness) among Iranian Adolescents and Young Adults: A Structural Equation Model in a Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9628-0
Öztürk, A., & Kundakçı, N. (2021). Loneliness, Perceived Social Support, and Psychological Resilience as Predictors of Internet Addiction: A Cross-Sectional Study with a Sample of Turkish Undergraduates. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(4), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.5152/pcp.2021.21115
Qamar, T., Chethiyar, S. D. M., & Equatora, M. A. (2021). Psychological stressors and life satisfaction among university students during the second wave of COVID-19: Moderating role of resilience. Journal of Advanced Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.21580/jagc.2021.2.2.9321
Rizki, M. F., & Andayani, H. (2023). Hubungan antara Kesepian dan Internet Addiction selama Masa Pandemi COVID-19 pada Siswa/i Kelas XI SMA Negeri 99 Jakarta. Junior Medical Journal, 1(5), 512–520.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Sayili, U. (2022). The effect of psychological resilience on life satisfaction: The mediator role of hope. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 8(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1061960
Scafuto, F., Ciacchini, R., Orrù, G., Crescentini, C., Conversano, C., Mastorci, F., Porricelli, M., & Gemignani, A. (2023). Covid-19 Pandemic and Internet Addiction in Young Adults: a Pilot Study on Positive and Negative Psychosocial Correlates. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 20(4), 240–251. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230403
Shukla, M. (2021). Spiritual intelligence, resilience and life satisfaction in young adults: A descriptive study. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 1750–1756. https://doi.org/10.25215/0903.167
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (edisi ke-2). Alfabeta.
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021). Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 93(January), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006
Wang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024). Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18366-4
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Pinyopornpanish, M., Simcharoen, S., & Kuntawong, P. (2021). Loneliness and problematic internet use: testing the role of interpersonal problems and motivation for internet use. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03457-y
Yam, F. C., Yıldırım, O., & Köksal, B. (2024). The mediating and buffering effect of resilience on the relationship between loneliness and social media addiction among adolescent. Current Psychology, 43(28), 24080–24090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06148-5
Young, K. S., & de Abreu, C. N. (Eds.). (2017). Kecanduan internet: Panduan konseling dan petunjuk untuk evaluasi dan penanganan (Helly P. Soetjipto & Sri M. Soetjipto, Penerjemah). Pustaka Pelajar.
Zelfina, T., & Nurmina. (2023). Hubungan Antara Loneliness Dengan Internet Addiction Pada Remaja Pengguna Media Sosial. CAUSALITA : Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.62260/causalita.v1i2.70